When online journal subscriptions became pervasive in the academic marketplace in the late 1990s, the licensing process was initially inconsistent, cumbersome, and time-consuming. Each license was a bespoke agreement. Even after pricing and business conditions were settled, legal teams from both the publisher and the subscribing library engaged in extensive negotiations over contract specifics. This slow, intricate and expensive process did not scale effectively across numerous publishers, products, and libraries. Source: We Could Use a Model Licensing Framework for Scholarly Content Use in AI Tools – The Scholarly Kitchen